Inferring topics from social networking system communications

ABSTRACT

A social networking system determines the meaning of an anchor term used in a communication received from a communicating user. Candidate nodes are identified in the dictionary based on the anchor term, where each candidate node represents a possible meaning of the anchor term. The context of the anchor term is determined, and a score is determined for each candidate node based on the determined context. A candidate node is selected that most likely represents the meaning of the anchor term based on the determined candidate node scores. The context of the anchor term may be a social context derived from users connected to the communicating user that use the anchor term in communications. A communicating user may be prompted to identify the meaning of the anchor term explicitly based on the use of the term in communications from other users connected to the communicating user.

BACKGROUND

This invention relates generally to social networking, and in particularto inferring the topics of communications of social networking systemusers.

Social networking systems commonly provide mechanisms allowing users tointeract within their social networks. A social networking system usermay be an individual or any other entity, such as a business or othernon-person entity. Social networking system information that is trackedand maintained by a social networking system may be stored as a socialgraph, which includes a plurality of nodes that are interconnected by aplurality of edges. A social graph node may represent a socialnetworking system object that can act on and/or be acted upon by anothernode. A social networking system object may be, for example, a socialnetworking system user, non-person entities, content items, groups,social networking system pages, events, messages, subjects (such aspersons, places, things, abstract ideas or concepts), or other socialnetworking system objects, such as movies, bands, or books.

An edge between nodes in a social graph represents a particular kind ofconnection between the nodes, which may result from an action that wasperformed by one of the nodes on the other node. Examples of suchactions by a social networking system user include listing socialnetworking system objects in a user profile, subscribing to or joining asocial networking system group or fan page, sending a message to anothersocial networking system user, making a purchase associated with asocial networking system node, commenting on a content item, or RSVP'ingto an event.

A subset of a social graph may include a subject dictionary. A subjectdictionary (hereinafter “dictionary”) includes a node for each possibletopic that can be inferred from a user's status message. For example,dictionary nodes may represent particular people, locations, historicaloccurrences, times or dates, animals, plants, concepts, or any othersubject matter. Edges between dictionary nodes may indicate arelationship between the subject matters represented by the nodes. Forexample, an edge may connect a “dog” dictionary node to an “animal”dictionary node to represent that a dog is a type of animal. Similarly,an edge may connect a “1942” dictionary node to a “World War II” node torepresent that World War II took place, in part, in the year 1942.“Topic” as used herein refers to the definition, meaning, or subject ofone or more words in a communication.

A social networking system may allow a user to communicate withincertain social networking system spaces. For example, a user may post amessage to the user's profile or wall or to another user's profile orwall, may comment on the user's content items or another user's contentitems (such as wall posts, images, videos, documents, etc.), may send aninstant message or an email to another user, may post a message on agroup wall or to a fan page, may ask a question to one or more otherusers, or any other form of communication within the social networkingsystem. In addition, communications may originate external to the socialnetworking system but may be received, organized and routed to a userwithin the social networking system. Alternatively, communications mayoriginate from within the social networking system but may betransmitted outside the social networking system.

Communications by social networking system users are often plain textand are not manually associated by the users with established subjects.This limits the ability of the social networking system to correlatecommunications with particular subjects, and limits the functionality ofdisplaying these correlations to users in conjunction with thecommunications. Further, words may have many meanings, and automatedtopic recognition may result in the meaning of ambiguous words beingdetermined incorrectly. Thus, there is a need for a solution thatdetermines the underlying topic of communications words, enhancing therichness of information connectivity with the social networking system,and providing a more enjoyable and useful experience to socialnetworking system users.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the invention infer topics discussed in social networkingsystem communications. In one embodiment, an anchor term is identifiedin a communication (e.g., a post) received from a user of the socialnetworking system. Candidate nodes that match the anchor term areidentified in a dictionary, where each candidate node represents aparticular meaning for the anchor term. In one embodiment, a dictionaryincluding a plurality of nodes, each representing a subject, is createdfrom a database. A category tree may also be created using thedictionary nodes, and the category tree may be used to eliminatecandidate nodes from consideration as representing the meaning of theanchor term. The context of the anchor term in the communication isdetermined, and a score is determined for each candidate node based onthe determined context. Here, the context of the anchor term may includeany information that may be helpful in determining the meaning of theanchor term, such as information about other terms used in this or othercommunications, user profile information related to possible meaning ofthe anchor term, or any other information used for this purpose. Acandidate node most likely to represent the meaning of the anchor termis selected based on the determined scores, and this candidate node isthen associated with the user's communication as an inferred topic ofthat communication.

The social networking system may improve the accuracy of the inferredtopics using social information about a plurality of communicationshaving inferred topics. For example, if a user's friends are talkingabout a certain topic, the user is more likely to be talking about thattopic as well. Accordingly, embodiments of the invention take intoaccount the social context of an anchor term in a communication wheninferring the meaning of that term. As used herein, the social contextof the anchor term may include the context of the anchor term incommunications of users connected to the communicating user, such as theother terms in the communications of the users connected to thecommunicating user, the interests of the users connected to thecommunicating user, or any other information used to determined themeaning of the anchor term.

The social networking system may also prompt a user to identify anintended topic for an anchor term explicitly while the user is typingthe communication. Embodiments of the invention score candidate nodesbased on their likelihood of being the user's intended meaning for ananchor term. The scores may be based on any techniques described herein,including social context. The system prompts the user to select aparticular candidate node by presenting a menu of the candidate nodes,which may be ordered according to the determined scores.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a process for determining a topic of a socialnetworking system communication, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a high level block diagram of a system environment suitablefor determining a topic of a social networking system communication,according to one embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a subject dictionary used for determiningcandidate topics for social networking system communications, accordingto one embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a category tree used for pruning the set ofcandidate topics for social networking system communications, accordingto one embodiment.

FIG. 5 is an example embodiment of the process for determining a topicof a social networking system communication, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a process for determining a topic ofa social networking system communication term, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a process for creating a subjectdictionary, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a process for determining a topic ofa social networking system communication term using social context,according to one embodiment.

FIG. 9 is an example embodiment of a social networking system interfacefor prompting a user to select a topic for a communication term based onthe communication of another user, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating a process for prompting a user toselect a topic for a communication term based on a communication ofanother user, according to one embodiment.

The figures depict various embodiments of the present invention forpurposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readilyrecognize from the following discussion that alternative embodiments ofthe structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed withoutdeparting from the principles of the invention described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Overview

Social networking systems commonly provide mechanisms allowing users tointeract with objects and other users both within and external to thecontext of the social networking system. A social networking system usermay be an individual or any other entity, such as a business or othernon-person entity. The social networking system may utilize a web-basedinterface comprising a series of inter-connected pages displaying andallowing users to interact with social networking system objects andinformation. For example, a social networking system may display a pagefor each social networking system user comprising objects andinformation entered by or related to the social networking system user(e.g., the user's “profile”). Social networking systems may also containpages containing pictures or videos, dedicated to concepts, dedicated tousers with similar interests (“groups”), or containing communications orsocial networking system activity to, from or by other users. Socialnetworking system pages may contain links to other social networkingsystem pages, and may include additional capabilities such as search,real-time communication, content-item uploading, purchasing,advertising, and any other web-based technology or ability. It should benoted that a social networking system interface may be accessible from aweb browser or a non-web browser application, such as a dedicated socialnetworking system mobile device or computer application. Accordingly,“page” as used herein may be a web page, an application interface ordisplay, a widget displayed over a web page or application, a box orother graphical interface, an overlay window on another page (whetherwithin or outside the context of a social networking system), or a webpage external to the social networking system with a social networkingsystem plug in or integration capabilities.

As discussed above, a social graph includes a set of nodes (representingsocial networking system objects) interconnected by edges (representinginteractions, activity, or relatedness). A social networking systemobject may be a social networking system user, non-person entity,content item, group, social networking system page, location,application, subject, concept or other social networking system object,such as a movie, a band, or a book. Content items include anything thata social networking system user or other object may create, upload,edit, or interact with, such as messages, queued messages (e.g., email),text and SMS (short message service) messages, comment messages,messages sent using any other suitable messaging technique, an HTTPlink, HTML files, images, videos, audio clips, documents, documentedits, calendar entries or events, and other computer-related files.Subjects and concepts, in the context of a social graph, comprise nodesthat represent any person, place, thing, or abstract idea.

A social networking system may allow a user to enter and displayinformation related to the user's interests, education and workexperience, contact information, and other biographical information inthe user's profile page. Each school, employer, interest (for example,music, books, movies, television shows, games, political views,philosophy, religion, groups, or fan pages), geographical location,network, or any other information contained in a profile page may berepresented by a node in the social graph. A social networking systemmay allow a user to upload or create pictures, videos, documents, songs,or other content items, and may allow a user to create and scheduleevents. Content items and events may be represented by nodes in thesocial graph.

A social networking system may provide a variety of means to interactwith non-person objects within the social networking system. Forexample, a user may form or join groups, or become a fan of a fan pagewithin the social networking system. In addition, a user may create,download, view, upload, link to, tag, edit, or play a social networkingsystem object. A user may interact with social networking system objectsoutside of the context of the social networking system. For example, anarticle on a news web site might have a “like” button that users canclick. In each of these instances, the interaction between the user andthe object may be represented by an edge in the social graph connectingthe node of the user to the node of the object. A user may use locationdetection functionality (such as a GPS receiver on a mobile device) to“check in” to a particular location, and an edge may connect the user'snode with the location's node in the social graph.

Social networking systems allow users to associate themselves andestablish connections with other users of the social networking system.When two users explicitly establish a connection in the socialnetworking system, they become “friends” (or, “connections”) within thecontext of the social networking system. Being friends in a socialnetworking system may allow users access to more information about eachother than would otherwise be available to unconnected users. Forinstance, being friends may allow a user to view another user's profile,to see another user's friends, or to view pictures of another user.Likewise, becoming friends within a social networking system may allow auser greater access to communicate with another user, such as by email(internal and external to the social networking system), instantmessage, text message, phone, or any other communicative interface.Finally, being friends may allow a user access to view, comment on,download, endorse or otherwise interact with another user's uploadedcontent items. Establishing connections, accessing user information,communicating, and interacting within the context of the socialnetworking system may be represented by an edge between the nodesrepresenting two social networking system users.

In addition to explicitly establishing a connection in the socialnetworking system, users with common characteristics may be consideredconnected for the purposes of determining social context for use indetermining the topic of communications. In one embodiment, users whobelong to a common network are considered connected. For example, userswho attend a common school, work for a common company, or belong to acommon social networking system group may be considered connected. Inone embodiment, users with common biographical characteristics areconsidered connected. For example, the geographic region users were bornin or live in, the age of users, the gender of users and therelationship status of users may be used to determine whether users areconnected. In one embodiment, users with common interests are consideredconnected. For example, users' movie preferences, music preferences,political views, religious views, or any other interest may be used todetermine whether users are connected. In one embodiment, users who havetaken a common action within the social networking system are consideredconnected. For example, users who endorse or recommend a common object,who comment on a common content item, or who RSVP to a common event maybe considered connected. A social networking system may utilize a socialgraph to determine users who are connected with a particular user inorder to determine or evaluate the social context of the communicationsof the particular user, as will be described below in greater detail.

A social networking system may provide a variety of communicationchannels to users. For example, a social networking system may allow auser to email, instant message, or text/SMS message, one or more otherusers; may allow a user to post a message to the user's wall or profileor another user's wall or profile; may allow a user to post a message toa group or a fan page; or may allow a user to comment on an image, wallpost or other content item created or uploaded by the user or anotheruser. In one embodiment, a user posts a status message to the user'sprofile indicating a current event, state of mind, thought, feeling,activity, or any other present-time relevant communication. A socialnetworking system may allow users to communicate both within andexternal to the social networking system. For example, a first user maysend a second user a message within the social networking system, anemail through the social networking system, an email external to butoriginating from the social networking system, an instant message withinthe social networking system, and an instant message external to butoriginating from the social networking system. Further, a first user maycomment on the profile page of a second user, or may comment on objectsassociated with a second user, such as content items uploaded by thesecond user. The topic for a term in any communication within the socialnetworking system may be determined, as will be described in greaterdetail below.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a process for determining a topic of a socialnetworking system communication, according to one embodiment. In theembodiment of FIG. 1, a social networking system user 100 creates acommunication 105 within the context of the social networking system.The communication 105 is received by the anchor term module 110, whichparses the communication 105 to identify an anchor term. An anchor termis a word or other alpha-numeric group of characters in thecommunication 105, the meaning of which the process of the embodiment ofFIG. 1 determines. In one embodiment, multiple anchor terms areidentified in a communication 105, though the remainder of thedescription herein is limited to instances where a single anchor term isidentified for the purposes of simplicity.

The anchor term module 110 may be coupled to a dictionary storage module140 which contains a dictionary including interconnected nodesrepresenting candidate topics for an anchor term. The nodes of thedictionary may be connected based on relatedness between nodes, asdiscussed above. In one embodiment, the anchor term module 110identifies an anchor term in a received communication 105 by identifyinga term in the communication 105 with one or more associated nodes in adictionary stored in dictionary storage module 140. For example, if thecommunication 105 contains the text “Go Sharks!”, the anchor term module110 may query the dictionary to identify nodes containing the term“sharks”. In this example, the dictionary may respond to the queryidentifying the following nodes: Shark (animal), San Jose Sharks (hockeyteam), Jumping the Shark, and Loan Shark. The anchor term module 110 mayidentify an anchor term prior to querying the dictionary, or mayidentify an anchor term in response to receiving query feedback from thedictionary. In either embodiment, the anchor term module 110 may outputidentified dictionary nodes received from dictionary storage module 140as candidate nodes 115. As used herein, “candidate nodes” representpotential meanings for an identified anchor term.

In one embodiment, a candidate node pruning module 120 receivescandidate nodes 115 from the anchor term module 110, receives thecommunication 105 from the user 100, eliminates particular candidatenodes determined to be irrelevant to the anchor term, and outputs theremaining candidate nodes as relevant candidate nodes 125. The candidatenode pruning module 120 identifies irrelevant candidate nodes byidentifying and analyzing terms other than the anchor term in thecommunication 105 in view of each candidate node 115. The candidate nodepruning module 120 may use a category tree to determine a measure ofsimilarity or relatedness between candidate nodes and identified termsin the communication 105. The candidate node pruning module 120 mayeliminate one or more candidate nodes 115 based on the measure ofsimilarity or relatedness received from the category tree; the remainingcandidate nodes are outputted as relevant candidate nodes 125.

The score module 120 receives the relevant candidate nodes 125 from thecandidate node pruning module 120 and selects a candidate node fromamong the relevant candidate nodes 125 as most likely to represent themeaning of the anchor term. In one embodiment, the score module 130generates a score for each received relevant candidate nodes 125. Acandidate node score may be based on context words for the anchor termin the communication 105, based on the user's interests, based on aglobal communication context, and based on a social communicationcontext. The score module 130 then selects a candidate node based on thegenerated candidate node scores and outputs the selected candidate nodeas the topic node 135. The topic node 135 is the dictionary node whichbest represents the meaning of the anchor term.

System Architecture

FIG. 2 is a high level block diagram of a system environment suitablefor determining a topic of a social networking system communication,according to one embodiment. The system environment comprises the clientdevices 210 a, 210 b, and 210 c and a social networking system 220 thatcommunicate through a connecting network 200. The connecting network 200may be the Internet, a local area network, or any other network thatallows communication between modules. The connecting network 200 may usestandard communications technologies and/or protocols.

The client devices 210 may comprise any type of computing device capableof sending or receiving social networking system content, such as amobile phone, laptop, desktop, netbook, tablet, cable box, ortelevision. Although only three client devices 210 are shown in FIG. 2,any number of client devices may be connected to and communicate withthe social networking system 230 at a time. A user of the client device210 interacts with the social networking system 230 via an application,such as a web browser or a native application, to perform socialnetworking system operations such as browsing content, posting andsending communications, establishing connections with other users, andthe like.

The social networking system 220 may comprise a plurality of pageshosted on one or more web servers. The plurality of pages may presentsocial networking system information. For example, these pages mayinclude pages for user profiles, group profiles, fan pages, and othersocial networking system-related pages. These pages may include avariety of social networking system data, such as communications,personal information, user settings, group settings, search results, andadvertisements, as well as object and interaction data, including butnot limited to user actions, profile information, relationshipinformation, communication information, group information, fan pageinformation, endorsement information, and content items.

The social networking system 220 in the embodiment of FIG. 2 includes adictionary creation module 225, a category tree creation module 230, acommunication module 235, a parse module 240, a prune module 245, ascore module 250, a global context module 255, a social context module260, and a social context prompt module 265. In addition, the socialnetworking system 220 includes a social graph data storage module 270, adictionary storage module 140, and a category tree storage module 150.In alternative configurations, different and/or additional/fewer modulescan be included in the social networking system 220. For example, thefunctionality of the global context module 255 and the social contextmodule 260 may be performed by the score module 250.

The dictionary creation module 225 is used by the social networkingsystem 220 to build a subject dictionary for use in determining thetopic of a communication term. In one embodiment, a dictionary is storedas a subset of a social graph in the social graph data storage module270. Alternatively, the dictionary may be stored independently of thesocial graph in the dictionary storage module 140. As discussed above,the dictionary includes a set of interconnected nodes, connected byedges representing relatedness between nodes.

The dictionary creation module 225 may create a dictionary once,updating the dictionary organically over time, or may create a newdictionary from scratch periodically. In one embodiment, the dictionarycreation module 225 creates a dictionary based on a publicly availabledatabase, such as Wikipedia. In this embodiment, each Wikipedia page isrepresented by a node in the dictionary, and the nodes representingWikipedia pages linked within a given page are connected to the noderepresenting the given page by an edge.

In one embodiment, the dictionary creation module 225 creates adictionary based on a publicly available database, and augments thedictionary based on the social graph. For example, the dictionarycreation module 225 may identify Wikipedia pages for Company A andCompany B that aren't linked to each other within Wikipedia, and maycreate a dictionary with nodes representing Company A and Company B thataren't linked to each other. In this example, the dictionary creationmodule 225 may use the social graph to modify the dictionary. Forexample, if Company A and Company B run a joint promotion through thesocial networking system 220, nodes representing Company A and Company Bin the social networking system 220 may be connected by an edgerepresenting the promotion. In this example, the dictionary creationmodule 225 may recognize the edge representing the promotion in thesocial graph and may connect the nodes representing Company A andCompany B in the dictionary with an edge.

As discussed above, the dictionary may be stored in the social graph asa subset of the social graph. In this embodiment, the dictionarycreation module 225 modifies the dictionary as the social graph evolves.The dictionary creation module 225 may periodically scan the publiclyavailable database used to create the dictionary and may add or removeedges between dictionary nodes based on the changing contents of thepublicly available database. The dictionary creation module 225 may addedges between dictionary nodes based on explicit associations by a userbetween communication terms and dictionary nodes. For example, a usermay create the communication “Got an ice cream sandwich at AT&T Park!”,and may associate the term “ice cream sandwich” with a node representingice cream sandwiches and the term “AT&T Park” with a node representingthe home stadium of the San Francisco Giants. In this example, thedictionary creation module 225 may create an edge between the AT&T Parknode and the ice cream sandwiches node.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example subject dictionary, according to oneembodiment. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the example dictionary includesnodes A-H. Node A is connected by edges to Node C and Node E,representing a relatedness between Node A and Node C, and Node A andNode E. As discussed above, Node A, Node C, and Node E may representarticles on Wikipedia. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the articlerepresented by Node A may contain links to the articles represented byNode C and Node E, which the edges connecting Node A to Nodes C and Erepresent.

The category tree creation module 230 is used by the social networkingsystem 220 to create a category tree used to reduce the number ofcandidate dictionary nodes under consideration as the meaning of ananchor term. The category tree created by the category tree creationmodule 230 may be stored in the category tree storage module 150, or maybe stored as a subject of the social graph in the social graph datastorage module 270. In one embodiment, a category tree is a hierarchicalorganization of all nodes in the dictionary, where each node has no morethan one parent node and any number of child nodes, and where each noderepresents a subset of the subject matter represented by the node'sparent node.

In one embodiment, the category tree creation module 230 uses thecategorical and hierarchical organization of a database, such asWikipedia, to create a category tree. In one embodiment, the categorytree creation module 230 determines for each dictionary node a “best”parent node. For example, the database may contain a category graphwhich can be converted into a category tree. Each node in the databasemay have multiple potential parent nodes, and determining a singleparent node for use in the category tree may involve computing a scorefor each potential parent node and selecting the potential parent nodewith the highest computed score.

Computing scores for potential parent nodes of a particular child nodemay be based on several factors. In one embodiment, potential parentnodes having node titles with nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verbs phrases,adjectives, adjective phrases, adverbs, and adverb phrases in commonwith either the child node or parent nodes of the potential parent nodes(grandparent nodes to the child node) are scored higher than potentialparent nodes without such common grammatical constructs. In oneembodiment, potential parent nodes in the form “A in B”, such as“College sports in the United States”, are scored higher than nodes inother forms. Likewise, potential parent nodes in the form “A by B”, suchas “Paintings by Picasso”, are scored higher than nodes in other forms.In one embodiment, potential parent nodes with plural terms in the nodetitle, such as “College sports”, are scored higher than nodes withoutplural terms in the node title. In one embodiment, a first potentialparent node with a greater number of child nodes than a second potentialparent node is scored higher than the second potential parent node.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example category tree, according to oneembodiment. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the example category treeincludes Node a, which has child Nodes b1, b2, and b3. Likewise, Node b1has child Node c, which in turn has child Nodes f1 and f2, and so forth.The category tree of the embodiment of FIG. 4 is organized into fourhierarchy levels; other category trees may have any number of nodes andhierarchy levels.

The “distance” between any two nodes in a category tree is the minimumnumber of edges between the two nodes in the category tree. For example,the distance between Node f1 and Node e2 is 5, representing a first edgein the category tree between Node f1 and Node c, a second edge betweenNode c and Node b1, a third edge between Node b1 and Node a, a fourthedge between Node a and Node b3, and a fifth edge between Node b3 andNode e2.

The communication module 235 allows a user of the social networkingsystem 220 to create a communication within the social networking system235. The communication module 235 may include a GUI within a socialnetworking system page for entering communications. For example, thecommunication module 235 may provide a text field within a socialnetworking system web page or application for entering communications,which are subsequently uploaded to the social networking system 220.Alternatively, the communication module 235 may allow a user to create acommunication external to the social networking system 220 and transmitthe communication to the social networking system 220. For example, if auser sends a communication via text/SMS message to the social networkingsystem 220, the communication module 235 receives the communication andstores/routes the communication accordingly.

The communication module 235 allows a user to create a variety ofcommunications. For example, the communication module 235 may allow auser to create and send emails, instant messages, text/SMS messages,wall posts, status messages, or any other type of communicationcontaining text. The communication module 235 may allow a user to directa communication to another user, or may allow a user to create acommunication that is not directed at another user, such as a post onthe user's wall. The communication module 235 may allow a user to tagother users and other objects in communications by explicitlyassociating another user or an object with a term in the communication.For example, a user may post “Eating at Subway with Michael Johnson”,and may tag the term “Subway” with a node in the dictionary or thesocial graph representing Subway Restaurants and the term “MichaelJohnson” with a node in the dictionary or the social graph representinga friend of the user named Michael Johnson.

The parse module 240 parses communications into a set of terms andselects one or more of the parsed terms as an anchor term. In oneembodiment, the parse module 240 parses a communication by words in thecommunication. For example, the communication “The SF Giants are myfavorite team” would be parsed into seven terms, “The”, “SF”, “Giants”,“Are”, “My”, “Favorite”, and “Team”. In one embodiment, the parse module240 parses a communication by combination of two or more subsequentterms. Continuing with the previous example, the parse module 240 mayadditionally parse the term “SF Giants” from the given communication.The parse module 240 may parse a communication into terms independent ofwords. For example, the parse module 240 may parse a communication intofixed-character terms, such as 6-character terms, or may parse acommunication into terms based on spaces in the communication. Forexample, the parse module 240 may parse the communication “b4 i go tothe store, does any1 need anything” to include the terms “b4” and“any1”.

The parse module 240 may eliminate words from communications prior toparsing the communication. In one embodiment, the parse module 240removes prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, and/or articles fromcommunications prior to parsing the communications. In one embodiment,the parse module 240 removes adjectives and/or pronouns fromcommunications prior to parsing the communications. In one embodiment,the parse module 240 removes all terms except for nouns fromcommunications prior to parsing the communications. The parse module 240may eliminate words in a pre-determined set of words from communicationsprior to parsing the communications. The parse module 240 mayspell-check words in a communication prior to parsing, and may replacemisspelled or short-hand words with correctly spelled versions of thewords. For example, the word “Juptier” may be replaced with “Jupiter”,and the word “l8er” may be replaced with “later”.

After the parse module 240 parses a communication into a set of terms,the parse module selects one of the terms as an anchor term. Asdiscussed above, the principles discussed herein apply to embodiments inwhich the parse module 240 selects more than one anchor term for a givencommunication. For the purposes of simplicity, however, the remainder ofthe discussion will be limited to embodiments where the parse module 240selects a single anchor term. In one embodiment, a first anchor term ina communication is selected and the meaning of the first anchor term isdetermined, and a second anchor term in the communication issubsequently selected.

The parse module 240 may select an anchor term in a number of ways. Inone embodiment, the parse module 240 selects the first term in the setof terms as an anchor term. Alternatively, the parse module 240 mayidentify terms in the set of terms with previously determined meanings,and may select the first term in the set of terms the meaning of whichhas not previously been determined. In one embodiment, the parse module240 may look up each term in the set of terms in the dictionary prior toselecting an anchor term, and may select the term that results in themost or least ambiguous set of dictionary results.

The parse module 240 looks up a term in the dictionary to identifydictionary nodes related to the term. The parse module 240 may look up aterm in the dictionary stored in dictionary storage module 140, or maylook up a term in a dictionary stored as a subset of the social graph insocial graph data storage module 270. In one embodiment, looking up aterm in the dictionary includes performing a keyword search of thedictionary using the term. For example, if the dictionary is queriedusing the term “Bears”, all dictionary nodes including the word “Bears”in the title may be returned, such as nodes representing the ChicagoBears, the California Bears, and the band “The Bears”. In oneembodiment, looking up a term in the dictionary further includesperforming a keyword search of the dictionary using common variants ofthe term, such as a plural form of the term, a singular form of theterm, a past tense of the term, a future tense of the term, a presenttense of the term, and so forth. Using the previous example, queryingthe dictionary further includes searching for nodes including the word“Bear” in the title, and may result in a return of nodes representingthe movie “The Bear”, and television host Bear Grylls. In oneembodiment, looking up a term in the dictionary includes looking upsynonyms of the term in the dictionary. For example, querying thedictionary using the term “cell phone” may include keyword searching thedictionary for the term “cell phone”, “mobile phone”, “wireless phone”,“cell”, “phone”, etc.

The parse module 240 receives a set of dictionary nodes from thedictionary in response to querying the dictionary with a term. Asdiscussed above, the parse module 240 may select an anchor term beforeor after querying the dictionary. In the latter embodiment, the parsemodule 240 queries the dictionary with more than one term from the setof parsed terms, and receives more than one set of dictionary nodes fromthe dictionary in response. The parse module 240 may select an anchorterm based on the received sets of dictionary nodes. For example, theparse module 240 may select an anchor term based on which term isassociated with the smallest received set of dictionary nodes, or basedon which term is associated with the largest received set of dictionarynodes.

The parse module 240 determines a set of candidate dictionary nodes forthe anchor term. Each candidate node in the set of candidate nodesrepresents a possible meaning for the anchor term. In one embodiment,each candidate node in the set of candidate nodes is scored forselection as a topic node. In an alternative embodiment, the set ofcandidate nodes is analyzed and reduced by prune module 245 prior tobeing scored. In this embodiment, the prune module 245 may query acategory tree stored in the category tree storage module 150, or storedas a subset of the social graph stored in the social graph storagemodule 270, to reduce the set of candidate nodes.

The prune module 245 selects one or more parsed terms in thecommunication other than the anchor term and queries a category treewith the one or more selected parsed terms and each candidate node. Inone embodiment, the prune module 245 selects terms adjacent to theanchor term in the communication. In one embodiment, the prune module245 selects terms within a predetermined distance of the anchor term.For example, the prune module 245 may select one or more terms withinthree terms of the anchor term. In this example, for the communication“Bought the movie Titanic at the mall today” and the anchor term “mall”,the prune module 245 may select the term “Titanic” since it is withinthree terms of “mall”, but not “movie”, since it is not within threeterms of “mall”. Alternatively, the candidate node pruning module 120may select all terms in the communication 105 other than the anchorterm.

For each candidate note, the prune module 245 queries the category treewith the one or more communication terms selected by the prune module245 and the candidate node, and determines a measure of similarity orrelatedness between the candidate node and the one or more selectedterms. In one embodiment, the category tree includes the set ofdictionary nodes organized hierarchically, as described above. In thisembodiment, the measure of similarity or relatedness between a candidatenode and the one or more selected terms is a distance representing thenumber of category tree edges between a candidate node and a noderepresenting one of the one or more communication terms selected by theprune module 245.

The prune module 245 eliminates candidate nodes from consideration asthe topic node most likely to represent the meaning of the anchor termbased on the received measures of similarity or relatedness. In oneembodiment, the prune module 245 eliminates candidate nodes that do notsatisfy a pre-determined or a relative threshold of similarity orrelatedness to the communication terms selected by the prune module 245.For example, the prune module 245 may eliminate candidate nodes with anaverage distance from nodes representing selected terms in thecommunication of 5 or greater, or may eliminate the three candidatenodes that are the least similar or related to selected terms. Candidatenodes eliminated by the prune module 245 are not scored for selection asa topic node.

The score module 250 produces scores for candidate nodes based on theother terms in a communication, user interests and preferences, globalcommunication context, and social communication context, and selects acandidate node as a topic node determined to best represent the meaningof the anchor term based on the produced candidate node scores. In oneembodiment, the score module 250 receives global communication contextfrom global context module 255 and social communication context fromsocial context module 260. In another embodiment, the score module 250produces candidate node scores which are subsequently adjusted by theglobal context module 255 and the social context module 260. The scoremodule 250 may produce and maintain a score for each candidate node. Inone embodiment, the scores produced by the score module 250 are numericand range between 0 and 1. The score module 250 may assign eachcandidate node an initial score, for example 0.5. In one embodiment, thescore module 250 adjusts initial candidate node scores for eachadditional factor analyzed.

The score module 250 may select the candidate node with the highestcandidate node score as a topic node that best represents the meaning ofthe anchor term. In one embodiment, the score module 250 selects a topicnode once per identified anchor term. In an alternative embodiment, thescore module 250 may re-produce scores for candidate nodes and mayre-select a candidate node as a topic node each time a user views thecommunication containing the anchor term. For example, each time anewsfeed including the communication containing the anchor term isrefreshed, the score module 250 may produce and adjust the scores ofcandidate nodes, and may select the candidate node with the highestscore.

Candidate node scores may be based on context words in the communicationrelated to the anchor term. In one embodiment, score module 250 analyzesverbs in a communication which modify the anchor term. For example, forthe anchor term “Harry Potter” in the communication “Watching HarryPotter”, the score module 250 may score a candidate node associated witha Harry Potter movie higher than a candidate node associated with aHarry Potter book because the verb “watching” implies a movie instead ofa book. In one embodiment, communications in the social networkingsystem 220 are analyzed in a training phase prior to scoring candidatenodes to determine particular verbs, adjectives or other terms that arerelated to particular dictionary nodes. In this embodiment, trainingphase term/node relationship data is used in determining candidate nodescores based on context words in the communication.

Candidate node scores may be based on the relatedness between the termsin the communication other than the anchor term and the candidate nodes.In one embodiment, the candidate node scores may be based on the measureof similarity or relatedness between communication terms other than theanchor term and the candidate nodes determined by the prune module 245.For example, a first candidate node with an average distance of 3between other communication terms and the first candidate node in acategory tree may be scored higher than a second candidate node with anaverage distance of 5 between other communication terms and the secondcandidate node in the category tree. In one embodiment, the candidatenode scores may be based on the number of paths between a candidate nodeand a node representing a term in the communication other than theanchor term. In one embodiment, the candidate node scores may be basedon the probability that Wikipedia articles represented by a candidatenode and a node representing a term in the communication other than theanchor term are related as discussed in “Learning to Link withWikipedia”(http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/˜dnk2/publications/CIKM08-LearningToLinkWithWikipedia.pdf).

Candidate node scores may be based on user interests, biographicalinformation, geographical information or social networking systemactivity. In one embodiment, score module 250 retrieves user interestinformation, such as information entered by a user into the user'sprofile, and adjusts candidate node scores based on the retrievedprofile information. For example, a “Sharks (hockey team)” candidatenode may be scored higher than a “Sharks (animal)” candidate node if auser has entered “San Jose Sharks” into a Favorite Sports Team sectionof the user's profile, if the user has entered “Hockey” into a hobbiessection of the user's profile, or if the user has joined a “Sharkshockey” group. Any information related to the user of a socialnetworking system 220 may be used to produce and/or adjust candidatenode scores, including but not limited to: current city or location,hometown, city or country of birth, gender, birthday, sexualorientation, languages spoken, school attended, employer, religiousviews, political views, music preferences, book preferences, moviepreferences, television preferences, game preferences, sports played,favorite sports teams, favorite athletes, favorite hobbies oractivities, interests, social networking system groups and fan pages,user activity within the social networking system 220, or any otherinformation related to the user.

Candidate node scores may be based on previously established dates. Inone embodiment, the score module 250 determines whether the current datecoincides with established holidays, historical events, or otherdate-based occurrences, and adjusts candidate node scores based on theseoccurrences. Holidays, historical events and other occurrences may bedetermined from, for example, a publicly-available database, such asWikipedia, or may be manually determined in advance. In this embodiment,if the score module 250 determines that the current date coincides witha known established date, the score module 250 may increase thecandidate node scores of candidate nodes associated with the establisheddate. For example, if the score module 250 determines that the currentdate is July 4, and if the score module 250 determines that thecandidate node “Fireworks (pyrotechnics)” is associated with the dateJuly 4, then the score module 250 increases the candidate node score forthe candidate node “Fireworks (pyrotechnics)”.

Candidate node scores may be based on anticipated occurrences andevents. In one embodiment, the score module 250 determines whether thecurrent date or time coincides with the date and time of anticipatedevents, and adjusts candidate node scores based on these occurrences.Sporting events, concerts, parties, parades, elections, graduations,sales, or any other occurrence or event may be determined from, forexample, Wikipedia or any other source that establishes the date andtime of occurrences and events available to the score module 250. Inthis embodiment, if the score module 250 determines that the currentdate and time coincides with the date and time of an anticipatedoccurrence or event, the score module 250 may increase the candidatenode scores of candidate nodes associated with the anticipatedoccurrence or event. For example, if the score module 250 determinesthat a Gonzaga University basketball game is anticipated to occur duringthe current date and time, and if the score module 250 determines thatthe candidate node “Bulldogs (basketball team)” is associated withGonzaga University, then the score module 250 increases the candidatenode score for the candidate node “Bulldogs (basketball team)”.Likewise, if the score module 250 determines that the current date iselection day for the United States Senate, and if the score module 250determines that the candidate node “Barbara Boxer (U.S. senator)” isassociated with election data for the United States Senate, then thescore module 250 increases the candidate node score for the candidatenode “Barbara Boxer (U.S. senator)”.

The global context module 255 and the social context module 260 mayadjust candidate node scores based on analysis of global socialnetworking system communications and the communications of usersconnected to the communicating user, respectively. In one embodiment,candidate node scores are increased or decreased by a constant amount,or by an amount relative to the analyzed communications. In oneembodiment, analyzed communications are aggregated, and the candidatenode scores are adjusted based on this aggregation. For example, if 50%of analyzed communications support an increase for a first candidatescore, and 20% of analyzed communications support an increase for asecond candidate score, the first candidate node score may be increasedby 50% and the second candidate node may be increased by 20%. In oneembodiment, the global context module 255 and the social context module260 produce a global context score and a social context score,respectively, for each candidate node. In this embodiment, candidatenode scores may be adjusted by adding or by multiplying the candidatenode scores with the associated global context scores and/or socialcontext scores.

The global context module 255 adjusts the candidate node scores based onglobal social networking system activity. In one embodiment, the globalcontext module 255 analyzes communications of users across the socialnetworking system 220 to identify information related to candidate noderelevance. In one embodiment, the global context module 255 identifiesterms in the analyzed communications other than the anchor term, andadjusts candidate node scores based on these identified terms. Forexample, for the anchor term “Sharks” in the communication “Go Sharks!”,the global context module 255 may analyze all other communications whichcontain the word “shark”. In this example, the global context module 255may identify a subset of these communications which also include theword “Hockey”. Accordingly, the global context module 255 may increasethe score of a “Sharks (hockey team)” candidate node, and may decreasethe score of a “Sharks (animal)” node. Continuing with this example, theglobal context module 255 may identify the term “Go” in globalcommunications related to the candidate “Sharks (hockey team)”, and mayincrease the score of the “Sharks (hockey team)” candidate node for thecommunication “Go Sharks!” accordingly.

In one embodiment, the analysis of communications across the socialnetworking system 220 by global context module 255 is time-restrained.For example, the global context module 255 may only analyze thecommunications of users created in the previous hour, or the previousten minutes. In one embodiment, the effect of analyzed communicationsacross the social networking system 220 is weighted according to a timedecay model, where the most recent communications are weighted theheaviest, and the most distant communications are weighted the lightest.

In one embodiment, the global context module 255 analyzes userinformation related to users across the social networking system 220 whouse the identified anchor term in communications. In this embodiment,the global context module 255 may associate particular user informationwith the anchor term and with potential anchor term meanings, and mayuse these associations to adjust or weight candidate node scores. Forexample, the global context module 255 may identify communications fromusers that include the term “Sharks”, may determine that a subset ofthese users list “hockey” as an interest, and may increase the score fora “Sharks (hockey team)” candidate node accordingly. In this example,the global context module 255 may increase the score for a “Sharks(hockey team)” candidate node only if the communicating user also lists“hockey” as an interest.

In one embodiment, the analysis of communications across the socialnetworking system 220 by the global context module 255 includesdetermining whether other users have explicitly associated the anchorterm with a social networking system object. The global context module255 may identify a subset of communications that contain the anchor termand that associate the anchor term with a social networking systemobject. For example, a subset of communications that contain the word“Shark” may be associated with a San Jose Sharks group, or may contain aSan Jose Sharks tag. In this example, the global context module 255 mayincrease the score for a “Sharks (hockey team)” candidate nodeaccordingly.

The social context module 260 adjusts the candidate node scores based onthe social networking system activity of users connected to thecommunicating user. In one embodiment, the social context module 260adjusts the candidate node scores based on the communication activity ofusers that have explicitly established a connection to the communicatinguser (such as friends of the communicating user). Alternatively, thesocial context module 260 may adjust the candidate node scores based onthe communication activity of users that share with the communicatinguser a common network, common biographical characteristics, commoninterests, or common social networking system activity.

The social context module 260 analyzes communications of users connectedto the communicating user containing the anchor term to identifyinformation related to candidate node relevance. The social contextmodule 260 may identify communications containing the anchor term inwhich the anchor term is associated with a candidate node, and thesocial context module 260 increases the score for the associatedcandidate node. In one embodiment, the anchor term is explicitlyassociated with a candidate node by users connected to the communicatinguser. For example, the anchor term “Giants” in the communication “Let'sgo Giants!” from a user connected to the communicating user may betagged to a “San Francisco Giants” social networking system object. Inthis example, the social context module 260 may increase the score forthe candidate node “San Francisco Giants (baseball team)”. In oneembodiment, the anchor term is implicitly associated with a candidatenode in communications by users connected to the communicating user. Forexample, the social networking system 220 may infer that the anchor term“Giants” in a communication from a user connected to the communicatinguser is associated with the San Francisco Giants. In this embodiment,the social context module 260 may increase the score for the candidatenode associated “San Francisco Giants (baseball team)”.

In one embodiment, the social context module 260 identifies one or moreterms in the analyzed communications other than the anchor term andadjusts the candidate node scores based on these identified terms. Oneor more of the identified terms may be related to a particular candidatenode, and the score of the particular candidate node may be increasedaccordingly. For example, for the anchor term “Giant”, a user connectedto the communicating user may post the message “Go Giants baseball!”. Inthis example, the social context module 260 identifies the termbaseball, determines that it is related to the candidate node “SanFrancisco Giants (baseball team)”, and increases the score for thiscandidate node accordingly.

Similarly to the global context module 255, the analysis ofcommunications across the social networking system 220 by the socialcontext module 260 may be time-restrained. For example, the socialcontext module 260 may only analyze the communications of usersconnected to the communicating user created in the previous hour, or theprevious ten minutes. In one embodiment, the effect of analyzedcommunications is weighted according to a time decay model, where themost recent communications are weighted the heaviest, and the mostdistant communications are weighted the lightest.

In one embodiment, the social context module 260 analyzes userinformation related to users who are connected to the communicating userwho create communications containing the anchor term. In thisembodiment, the social context module 260 may associate particular userinformation with the anchor term and with potential anchor termmeanings, and may use these associations to adjust or weight candidatenode scores. For example, the social context module 260 may identifycommunications from users connected to the communicating user thatinclude the term “Giants”, may determine that a subset of these userslist “baseball” as an interest, and may increase the score for a “SanFrancisco Giants (baseball team)” candidate node accordingly. In thisexample, the social context module 260 may increase the score for acandidate node only if the communicating user also lists “baseball” asan interest.

The social context prompt module 265 may detect an ambiguous term in thecommunication of a communicating user, and may prompt a user connectedto the communicating user to select the meaning of the ambiguous termwhen using the term in a communication. In one embodiment, the detectedambiguous term is an anchor term selected by the parse module 240.Likewise, the social context prompt module 265 may prompt a userconnected to the communicating user to select a meaning for theambiguous term by displaying the candidate nodes determined by the parsemodule to the user.

In one embodiment, the social context prompt module 265 tracks, for eachuser of the social networking system 220, a list of ambiguous terms usedby connected users in communications. This tracking of ambiguous termsmay be time-restrained, and may be, for example, limited to a period oftwo days, 12 hours, 30 minutes, or any pre-determined period of time.The list of ambiguous terms may include all identified anchor terms,including anchor terms with inferred meanings In one embodiment, onlyanchor terms with inferred meanings below a pre-determined threshold ofconfidence are tracked by the social context prompt module 265.

In one embodiment, the social context prompt module 265 detects theusage of a tracked ambiguous term in a communication by a user.Detecting the usage of a tracked ambiguous term in a communication by auser may include the use of text prediction to determine when the userhas begun entering one of the tracked ambiguous terms but has not yetcompleted entering the ambiguous term. In response to detecting theusage of a tracked ambiguous term, the social context prompt module 265display to the user a list of possible meanings for the ambiguous term.The list of possible meanings displayed to the user may includepreviously identified candidate nodes (as discussed above).Alternatively, the list of possible meanings displayed to the user maybe limited to tracked ambiguous terms which contain the text of thepartially entered ambiguous term.

In one embodiment, the social context prompt module 265 may query thedictionary stored in the dictionary storage module 140 or as a subset ofthe social graph data storage module 270 to determine candidate nodesassociated with the tracked ambiguous term. Candidate node scores may bedetermined for the determined candidate nodes, and the list of possiblemeanings displayed to the user is ordered based on the determinedcandidate node scores. In one embodiment, the list of possible meaningsdisplayed to the user includes a subset of candidate nodes selectedbased on the candidate node scores.

The social context prompt module 265 may display a list of possiblemeanings for an ambiguous term to the user of the ambiguous term withina communication interface via the communication module 235. For example,if a user creates a communication containing an ambiguous term within atext entry box of a communication interface displayed by thecommunication module 235, the social context prompt module 265 maydisplay a list of possible meanings below or within the text entry box.The user may select one of the meanings in the list of possible meaningsfor an ambiguous term. Continuing with the previous example, the usermay click on or otherwise select one of the meanings displayed below orwithin the text box.

Selecting a meaning for an ambiguous term results in the association bythe social context prompt module 265 of the ambiguous term with theselected meaning In one embodiment, the ambiguous term is replaced withtext representing the selected meaning. For example, the text “Giants”may be replaced with “San Francisco Giants” when selected by a user. Inone embodiment, the plain text of the ambiguous term is replaced withhyperlinked text which, when selected, directs a user to a socialnetworking system page or other webpage dedicated to an object relatedto the selected meaning. Continuing with the previous example, the plaintext “Giants” may be replaced with a social networking system URL which,when clicked, directs a user to the San Francisco Giants fan page.

In response to the social context prompt module 265 associating anambiguous anchor term with a meaning, the score module 250, the globalcontext module 255 and the social context module 260 may adjust thecandidate node scores associated with the anchor term, and may re-selecta candidate node as a topic node best representing the meaning of theanchor term. For example, if the score module 250 initially selected the“Sharks (animal)” candidate node for the anchor term “Sharks” in thecommunication “Go Sharks!”, the score module 250 may reselect the “SanJose Sharks (hockey team)” candidate node in response to the socialcontext prompt module 265 associating the term “Sharks” with the SanJose Sharks in one or more communications by users connected to thecommunicating user. In addition, the score module 250, the globalcontext module 255 and the social context module 260 may adjust thecandidate node scores associated with the anchor term for usersconnected to the communicating user, and may re-select a candidate nodeas a topic node best representing the meaning of anchor terms in thecommunications of users connected to the communicating user.

Operation

FIG. 5 is an example embodiment of the process for determining a topicof a social networking system communication, according to oneembodiment. The social networking system 220 receives a communication500 from a communicating user. In the embodiment of FIG. 5, thecommunication 500 is “Watching California-Stanford football! Go bears!”.The communication 500 is parsed, and the anchor term “California” isselected as an anchor term 510.

Candidate nodes 520 are selected for the anchor term California 510. Asdiscussed above, a dictionary may be queried using, for example, keywordsearching to identify candidate nodes related to the anchor term. In theembodiment of FIG. 5, the candidate nodes 520 identified are California(State), University of California (School), USS California (Ship), andCalifornia Girls (Song).

The candidate nodes 520 are optionally pruned by a pruning module 530.In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the pruning module 530 selects terms 540within two words of the anchor term California 510, “Stanford” and“football”. Note that in this particular embodiment, the term “bears” isnot selected because of its distance in the communication 510 from theanchor term California 510. The selected terms 540 are analyzed todetermine the relationship between the selected terms 540 and thecandidate nodes 520. As discussed above, a category tree may be queriedusing the selected terms 540 and the candidate nodes 520. The pruningmodule 530 in the embodiment of FIG. 5 eliminates the candidate node USSCalifornia (Ship) and California Girls (Song).

In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the score module 560 receives and generatesan initial score for the remaining candidate nodes 550. The score module560 adjusts the candidate node scores based on other terms in thecommunication 500. In this embodiment, the score module 560 adjusts thecandidate node scores based on the verb “watching” and the nouns“Stanford”, “football” and “bears”. The score module 560 also adjuststhe candidate node scores based on information related to the user 100,and the global and social context of the anchor term California 510. Inthis embodiment, the generated candidate node scores 570 are 36% for thecandidate node California (State) and 85% for the candidate nodeUniversity of California (School). The candidate node University ofCalifornia (School) is selected as the dictionary node 580 which bestrepresents the meaning of the anchor term California 510 in thecommunication “Watching California-Stanford football! Go bears!” 500.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a process for determining a topic ofa social networking system communication term, according to oneembodiment. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, a dictionary and a categorytree are created 600. In an alternative embodiment, either thedictionary or the category tree or both are created in advance. Insteadof creating a dictionary and a category tree from scratch, an existingdictionary and category tree may be updated by the process of FIG. 6. Asdiscussed above, the dictionary and category tree may be created basedon an existing database such as Wikipedia, where nodes in the dictionaryand category tree represent a Wikipedia page.

A communication is received 610 from a communicating user. Thecommunication may include a status message posted to the communicatinguser's wall or profile, an email, an instant message, a message postedto another user's wall or profile, a comment on a content item, atext/SMS message, or any other form of text-based communication. Ananchor term is identified 620 in the communication using the dictionary.In one embodiment, the communication is parsed into parsed terms, and aparsed term is selected as the anchor term.

Candidate nodes related to the anchor term are identified 630 in thedictionary. In one embodiment, a keyword search of dictionary nodes isperformed using the anchor term in order to identify candidate nodesrelated to the anchor term. Optionally, candidate nodes unlikely torepresent the meaning of the anchor term are pruned 640 using thecategory tree.

The context of the communication, the global context of the anchor term,and the social context of the anchor term are determined 650. In oneembodiment, the context of the communication includes terms in thecommunication other than the anchor term and information related to thecommunicating user (such as user preferences and interests listed in theuser's profile). The global context of the anchor may include terms incommunications by all other social networking system users which containthe anchor term and information related to these users. The socialcontext of the anchor term may include terms in communicationscontaining the anchor term by social networking system users connectedto the communicating user and information related to these users.

Scores for the candidate nodes are determined 660 based on the contextof the communication, the global context of the anchor term, and thesocial context of the anchor term. A candidate node most likely torepresent the anchor term is selected 670 based on the candidate nodescores. For example, the candidate node with the highest score isselected as the candidate node that is most likely to represent themeaning of the anchor term.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a process for creating a subjectdictionary, according to one embodiment. A database of linked articlesis retrieved 700. In one embodiment, this database is Wikipedia. Foreach article in the database, a node is created 710 in a dictionarygraph. Optionally, synonyms and alternative grammatical text formats foreach article's subject matter are associated 720 with each article'snode. For example, “SJ Sharks” and “Sharks Hockey” may be associatedwith the dictionary node San Jose Sharks (hockey team). Nodes in thedictionary graph are connected 730 by edges if the articlescorresponding to the nodes are linked. For example, if the Wikipediaarticle “Surfboard” contains a URL link to the Wikipedia article“Ocean”, the Surfboard dictionary node is connected to the Oceandictionary node by an edge.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a process for determining a topic ofa social networking system communication term using social context,according to one embodiment. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, acommunication is received 800 from a communicating user. An anchor termis identified 810 in the communication using a dictionary. As discussedabove, an existing dictionary may be used, or a dictionary may becreated from a publicly available database of interlinked articles, suchas Wikipedia. Candidate nodes related to the anchor term are identified820 in the dictionary.

Communications are identified 830 from users connected to thecommunicating user that contain the anchor term. As discussed above,users connected to the communicating user may include friends or familyof the communicating user, users with biographical information in commonwith the communicating user, users in the same network as thecommunicating user, and/or users with similar interests to thecommunicating user. Candidate node scores are determined 840 based atleast in part on the identified communications. For example, candidatenode scores may be determined based on the context of the identifiedcommunications, such as terms in the communications other than theanchor term and information related to the users connected to thecommunicating user.

FIG. 9 is an example embodiment of a social networking system interfacefor prompting a user to select a topic for a communication term based onthe communication of another user, according to one embodiment. A userenters the status message “Watching California!” into the status box900. The term “California” is identified as the anchor term 902, and theterm “Watching” is identified as a context term 904. The socialnetworking system identifies the term “California” in the communicationsof one or more friends of the user, and in response, the socialnetworking system prompts the user to select a best meaning for the termCalifornia.

In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the social networking system displaysseveral topics in the drop-down box 906. The topics displayed arecandidate nodes for the term California, including California GoldenBears (football team) 908, California Golden Bears (baseball team) 910,the University of California (public university) 912, and California(state, united states) 914. The candidate nodes displayed may bedetermined from the communications of the user's friends, or from theuser's communication “Watching California!”. In the embodiment of FIG.9, a candidate node score is determined for each displayed candidatenode, and the candidate nodes are ordered based on the determinedcandidate node scores. The user may then select one of the candidatenodes as the meaning that best represents the anchor term California.

FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating a process for prompting a user toselect a topic for a communication term based on a communication ofanother user, according to one embodiment. A first communication isreceived 1000 from a communicating user. An anchor term is identified1010 in the first communication using a dictionary. A secondcommunication of a user connected to the communicating user containingthe anchor term is identified 1020. Candidate nodes related to theanchor term are identified 1030 in the dictionary. The user is prompted1040 to select a meaning for the anchor term based on the identifiedcandidate nodes. For example, if a user types the term “sharks” in acommunication, candidate nodes related to the term “sharks” aredisplayed for the user to select among.

Summary

The foregoing description of the embodiments of the invention has beenpresented for the purpose of illustration; it is not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed.Persons skilled in the relevant art can appreciate that manymodifications and variations are possible in light of the abovedisclosure.

Some portions of this description describe the embodiments of theinvention in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations ofoperations on information. These algorithmic descriptions andrepresentations are commonly used by those skilled in the dataprocessing arts to convey the substance of their work effectively toothers skilled in the art. These operations, while describedfunctionally, computationally, or logically, are understood to beimplemented by computer programs or equivalent electrical circuits,microcode, or the like. Furthermore, it has also proven convenient attimes, to refer to these arrangements of operations as modules, withoutloss of generality. The described operations and their associatedmodules may be embodied in software, firmware, hardware, or anycombinations thereof.

Any of the steps, operations, or processes described herein may beperformed or implemented with one or more hardware or software modules,alone or in combination with other devices. In one embodiment, asoftware module is implemented with a computer program productcomprising a computer-readable medium containing computer program code,which can be executed by a computer processor for performing any or allof the steps, operations, or processes described.

Embodiments of the invention may also relate to an apparatus forperforming the operations herein. This apparatus may be speciallyconstructed for the required purposes, and/or it may comprise ageneral-purpose computing device selectively activated or reconfiguredby a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer programmay be stored in a non-transitory, tangible computer readable storagemedium, or any type of media suitable for storing electronicinstructions, which may be coupled to a computer system bus.Furthermore, any computing systems referred to in the specification mayinclude a single processor or may be architectures employing multipleprocessor designs for increased computing capability.

Embodiments of the invention may also relate to a product that isproduced by a computing process described herein. Such a product maycomprise information resulting from a computing process, where theinformation is stored on a non-transitory, tangible computer readablestorage medium and may include any embodiment of a computer programproduct or other data combination described herein.

Finally, the language used in the specification has been principallyselected for readability and instructional purposes, and it may not havebeen selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter.It is therefore intended that the scope of the invention be limited notby this detailed description, but rather by any claims that issue on anapplication based hereon. Accordingly, the disclosure of the embodimentsof the invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, ofthe scope of the invention, which is set forth in the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method comprising:accessing a dictionary comprising a set of nodes, wherein each noderepresents a topic; receiving a communication from a communicating user,the communicating user comprising a user of a social networking system;identifying an anchor term in the communication, the anchor term havingmultiple meanings; identifying candidate nodes based on the anchor term,wherein each candidate node comprises a dictionary node that is acandidate for representing one of the multiple meanings of the anchorterm; determining contextual information associated with the anchor termin the communication, wherein the determined contextual informationcomprises additional terms used in communications containing the anchorterm made by users of the social networking system connected to thecommunicating user within a pre-determined interval of time immediatelypreceding receiving the communication from the communicating user; afterdetermining contextual information associated with the anchor term,determining a score for each of one or more of the candidate nodesrepresentative of a likelihood that the candidate node represents one ofthe multiple meanings of the anchor term based on the determinedcontextual information; and selecting a candidate node to represent oneof the multiple meanings of the anchor term based on the determinedscores.
 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein accessinga dictionary comprises: retrieving a database of articles, wherein oneor more pairs of articles are linked; creating a node for each of one ormore of the articles, the node comprising the topic of the article; andfor each pair of nodes corresponding to linked articles, connecting thepair of nodes with an edge.
 3. The computer-implemented method of claim2, wherein the database of articles comprises a web-based database,wherein each article is represented by a web page within the web-baseddatabase, and wherein two articles are linked if the web pagerepresenting one of the articles contains a URL link to the otherarticle.
 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein eachnode additionally comprises synonyms and alternative grammaticalrepresentations of the topic of the article.
 5. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 1, wherein accessing a dictionary comprises updating apreviously existing dictionary.
 6. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 1, wherein the received communication comprises a status update.7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein the status updateis posted to the communicating user's social networking system profile.8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the receivedcommunication comprises one of: an email, an instant message, and atext/SMS message.
 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, whereinthe received communication comprises a comment on a content item. 10.The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the communication isreceived via a social networking system user interface.
 11. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein identifying an anchorterm in the communication comprises: parsing the communication into oneor more terms, wherein each term comprises a set of alpha-numericcharacters; and selecting one of the one or more parsed terms for use asthe anchor term.
 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 11,wherein articles, interjections, conjunctions and prepositions areremoved from the communication prior to parsing the communication intoone or more terms.
 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 12,wherein adverbs and pronouns are removed from the communication prior toparsing the communication into one or more terms.
 14. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein each parsed termcomprises a noun.
 15. The computer-implemented method of claim 11,wherein selecting one of the one or more parsed terms for use as theanchor term comprises selecting the least ambiguous parsed term.
 16. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein selecting one of theone or more parsed terms for use as the anchor term comprises selectingthe most ambiguous parsed term.
 17. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 1, wherein identifying candidate nodes based on the anchor termcomprises performing a keyword search of the dictionary for candidatenodes including anchor term text.
 18. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 1, wherein the contextual information associated with the anchorterm comprises a verb modifying the anchor term.
 19. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the contextualinformation associated with the anchor term comprises a noun related tothe anchor term.
 20. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, whereindetermining a score for a candidate node based on the determined contextcomprises: determining an initial score for the candidate node;identifying a dictionary node related to the determined context;increasing the initial score for the candidate node in response to adetermination that the identified dictionary node is related to thecandidate node.
 21. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, whereinselecting a candidate node based on the determined scores comprisesselecting the candidate node with the highest score.
 22. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: determiningone or more candidate nodes unlikely to represent the communicatinguser's intended meaning of the anchor term; and eliminating thedetermined one or more candidate nodes from consideration.
 23. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 22, further comprising: creating acategory tree comprising a hierarchical organization of dictionarynodes, wherein each category tree node has no more than one parent nodeand any number of child nodes, wherein each node represents a subset ofthe topic represented by the node's parent node, and wherein each nodeis connected by an edge to the node's parent node and to each of thenode's child nodes.
 24. The computer-implemented method of claim 23,wherein determining one or more candidate nodes unlikely to representthe communicating user's intended meaning of the anchor term comprises:for each candidate node: identifying a term in the communication otherthan the anchor term; determining a first category tree node associatedwith the identified term; determining a second category tree nodeassociated with the candidate node; and determining a measure ofrelatedness between the first category tree node and the second categorytree node; and determining one or more candidate nodes unlikely torepresent the communicating user's intended meaning of the anchor termbased on the determined measures of relatedness.
 25. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 24, wherein the determined measureof relatedness between the first category tree node and the secondcategory tree node comprises the minimum number of edges between thefirst category tree node and the second category tree node in thecategory tree.
 26. The computer-implemented method of claim 22, whereindetermining one or more candidate nodes unlikely to represent thecommunicating user's intended meaning of the anchor term comprisesdetermining all candidate nodes that fail to meet a pre-determinedthreshold of relatedness to the anchor term.
 27. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 22, wherein determining one or morecandidate nodes unlikely to represent the communicating user's intendedmeaning of the anchor term comprises determining a pre-determined numberof candidate nodes that are unlikely to represent the meaning of theanchor term.
 28. The computer-implemented method of claim 22, whereineliminating the determined one or more candidate nodes fromconsideration comprises removing the determined one or more candidatenodes from the set of candidate nodes prior to determining a score foreach of one or more of the candidate nodes.
 29. A system comprising: anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing executableinstructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the system toperform steps comprising: accessing a dictionary comprising a set ofnodes, wherein each node represents a topic; receiving a communicationfrom a communicating user, the communicating user comprising a user of asocial networking system; identifying an anchor term in thecommunication, the anchor term having multiple meanings; identifyingcandidate nodes based on the anchor term, wherein each candidate nodecomprises a dictionary node that is a candidate for representing one ofthe multiple meanings of the anchor term; determining contextualinformation associated with the anchor term in the communication,wherein the determined contextual information comprises additional termsused in communications containing the anchor term made by users of thesocial networking system connected to the communicating user within apre-determined interval of time immediately preceding receiving thecommunication from the communicating user; after determining contextualinformation associated with the anchor term, determining a score foreach of one or more of the candidate nodes representative of alikelihood that the candidate node represents one of the multiplemeanings of the anchor term based on the determined contextualinformation; and selecting a candidate node to represent one of themultiple meanings of the anchor term based on the determined scores; anda processor configured to execute the instructions.
 30. A non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium storing executable computerinstructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor toperform steps comprising: accessing a dictionary comprising a set ofnodes, wherein each node represents a topic; receiving a communicationfrom a communicating user, the communicating user comprising a user of asocial networking system; identifying an anchor term in thecommunication, the anchor term having multiple meanings; identifyingcandidate nodes based on the anchor term, wherein each candidate nodecomprises a dictionary node that is a candidate for representing one ofthe multiple meanings of the anchor term; determining contextualinformation associated with the anchor term in the communication,wherein the determined contextual information comprises anchor termsused in communications containing the anchor term made by users of thesocial networking system connected to the communicating user within apre-determined interval of time immediately preceding receiving thecommunication from the communicating user; after determining contextualinformation associated with the anchor term, determining a score foreach of one or more of the candidate nodes representative of alikelihood that the candidate node represents one of the multiplemeanings of the anchor term based on the determined contextualinformation; and selecting a candidate node to represent one of themultiple meanings of the anchor term based on the determined scores.